Suppose we have two datasets, which are typically called populations. We want to determine if the two datasets are similar in some way, such as having the same population mean. We could compare the mean value of each dataset, but what happens if one of the dataset, by random chance, contained unusually large values. We might incorrectly assert the datasets are different even if the underlying processes that generated the two datasets are identical. To avoid this potential problem, we turn to statistical tests to provide more rigor.
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